Enforcing the checkpoints

Checkpoints

Immune checkpoints

1 This recognition was largely driven by the success of ipilim-umab, the monoclonal antibody that targets cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), an inhibitory receptor expressed on activated CD8 + T cells. CTLA-4 attenuates the immune response by countering the activity of CD28, a co-stimulatory receptor. 2 By targeting CTLA-4, ipilimumab effectively takes the " brakes " off T ce...

Checkpoints in the Cell Cycle

There are two requirements for successful long-term cell proliferation. One is that the steps of the chromosome replication–division cycle occur in a correct and fixed order: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication (S phase) always precedes chromosome segregation (mitosis or M phase), followed by cell division (cytokinesis). The second is that this sequence of chromosomal events repeats with a ...

Enforcing ‘Self-Enforcing’ International Environmental Agreements

Theoretical analyses of international environmental agreements (IEAs) have typically employed the concept of self-enforcing agreements to predict the number of parties to such an agreement. The term self-enforcing, however, is a bit misleading. The concept refers to the stability of cooperative agreements, not to enforcing these agreements once they are in place. Most analyses of IEAs simply ig...

Transporting Bugs with Checkpoints

Virtual platform checkpointing is a technology by which the entire state of the software and hardware of an executing system is captured. Checkpoints can be used for many different purposes during software (and hardware) development. Here, we focus on how they are used to transport bugs between bug reporters and developers. Compared to describing the system state and steps needed to reproduce a...